![]() Alam, Sustainable management of water treatment sludge through 3 ‘R’concept. Abdelsalam, Effects of using rice straw and cotton stalk ashes on the properties of lightweight self-compacting concrete. Risk studies of direct land application of the sludge as agricultural fertilizers had been ongoing, and the mineralized nitrogen in the fertilizers are also quantified due to the potential leaking of excessive nitrogen into the nearest groundwater supply available. ![]() Some of the countries favors thermal processes considering their need of sludge volume reduction. ![]() Other treatment techniques often applied is incineration. Sludge treatment techniques such as aerobic digestion and anaerobic digestion in advance of agricultural usage are influenced by local climate conditions where temperature plays an important role in the performance of the treatments. In addition to that, spatial distribution of bottom sludge has significant impact on the sludge production in order to estimate the effectual sludge removal and the most suitable disposal technique. The sludge production (in terms of quantity and quality) at the wastewater treatment plants where the sludge accumulation rates are being evaluated. In order to safely manage sludge efficiently, many sludge management studies have been reviewed to identify the advance scientific and technical information covering aspects of sludge production, characterization, management, agricultural and construction material reuse, and ultimate disposal. Sludge management can be divided into different stages such as sludge production, treatment, and disposal. Sludge management has become a significant challenge whereby the sludge removal operation generated from numerous industrial activities is recognized as an ecological burden for the society. The sludge production has escalated due to the increased demands for clean water throughout the world.
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